According to Marxism, what is seen as the driving force of history and politics?

Marxism posits that the driving force of history and politics is the class struggle between different social groups. Karl Marx identified that historical developments are largely influenced by the conflicts and tensions arising from the economic relationships between the ruling class (the bourgeoisie) and the working class (the proletariat). This struggle shapes societies, economies, and the political landscape, as these classes have opposing interests.

Marx argued that the inequalities inherent in the capitalist system lead to conflict, which not only defines the social structure but also propels historical change. The notion of class struggle encapsulates economic exploitation, societal power dynamics, and the eventual rise of revolutionary movements aimed at overthrowing the dominant class. This perspective is crucial to understanding Marxist theory as it emphasizes the importance of material conditions and economic factors in shaping human history and societal organization.

By focusing on class struggle, Marxism offers a lens through which to analyze the evolution of societies and the inherent conflicts that drive political change. This view contrasts sharply with ideas that prioritize technological advancements, individual morality, or religious influences, which may play roles in societal development but are not seen as foundational to the historical process in Marxist theory.